Theorganizedmind,治大国如烹小鲜背后的道理

这是一个信息爆炸的年代,这也是一个每个人都有自己粉丝的时代。我们成为什么,追根究底决定于我们接受到什么样的信息,以及你如何处理这些信息。古人言,一屋不扫,何以扫天下。这句话若是放到当代最新的认知科学下去看,那其背后原因就在于打理一间整洁有序的房屋所需的心智模式,与打理一个企业所需的心智模式是类似的,如果你在前者上有了良好的习惯,并且明白这样做背后的道理,那么退而广之,这些道理是可以应用到工作与学习中的。The organized mind-Thinking Straight in the Age of Information Overload就是一本在信息超载的时代里如何规整自己心智的书,这本书从人的神经系统运作的原理讲起,教会我们如何规整我们的心智。

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用几句话概括一下全书的知识框架,人类认知的基本模式是归类与层次化,举个例子,对心智活动进行分类,可以分为探索模式与专注模式,在探索模式下,还可以再分为两类,一类是你无所事事的发呆时大脑的状态,你的思考不是固定到某一个具体的点上,自由的寻找看似不相关的想法之间的连接,在这时你最容易产生有创造性灵感,这种也是你找到人生超物质(spiritual)意义的时候;另一类则是如果你大脑中的常驻进程,总是提醒你要多吃甜的,要记住那些带来明显感情冲击的事情;回到上一层次,你的专注模式是需要消耗很多注意力的,这种模式也可以分为两个子类,一是我们专注的做一件事时的状态,比如推导数学公式,另一种是我们为未来做计划时的状态,这时我们需要权衡得失利弊,评估不一致的信息的真伪,为未来制定详尽而可行的计划,从某种意义上说,写程序,就是为计算机制定一步步的计划,也可以属于此类。在上面的例子中,我就用到了归类和层次化的方式对人类的认知做了多层级的归类,这种自我指称也是人类思维的奇妙之处。

这里引用一个书中的例子,来说明人类的记忆的不可靠。911时,由于我们知道北塔比南塔提前20分倒下,我们都以为自己记忆中看到电视上也是这样播出的,而实际上电视台是在南塔倒下后同时播出这两组画面的。在这里,我们混淆的事件本身的顺序与我们看到的事件的顺序。为了应对这个挑战,我们需要的是将我们的记忆”下载”到外部的媒介上,而由于外在的媒介看似有无限的容量,我们在下载的过程中就没有模仿我们人脑组织信息的方式,正是由于这里出的问题,导致了在信息过载的年代,我们的精神也不堪重负。

结合我自己的经验,我对信息的分类可以分为3个维度,是否重要,是否相关,是否流行。这里面我首先要讲的是信息的独特性,当今的人际网络,容易出席echo chamber的现象,当一则信息重复的出现,我们往往会陷入过去的思维定势,同时,这则信息的新元素也随之减少,对于一则流行的消息,我们要在自己接受这条消息时相应的减少这条消息的权值,而对于那些独特的消息,我们则需要特别加以关注。另两个维度是信息是否与自己当前做的事是否相关,而重要的信息往往比较长,更加难以全面的理解,但理解后却收益很大。对于信息做这三个维度的划为,就可以产生8种组合,然后个人就可以根据自己当前的需求,选择那些信息是需要立即处理的,那些是需要等待的,那些是需要丢弃的。

举个切身的例子吧,不少知乎和朋友圈的重度用户都会面临信息爆炸的问题,微信群里出现了几十个链接,朋友圈的各种资讯,你该如何选择,如果你能有个秘书替你筛选出那些信息是需要立即处理的,那些是需要有时间时需要细致观看的,那该多好的。然而,当前的自然语言识别技术已可以做到这些了。具体来说,一个人工智能的模型无法帮助你去识别这则信息对你是否有用,但是其可以识别这类信息的流行程度有多高,可以识别这篇文章的阅读难度有多大,可以识别这篇文章与你关心的领域相关性有多少,还可以识别这篇文章读起来是否有趣,这样的列表还可以接着列出几项,将这些模型组合起来,如果我们在看到一篇朋友圈的文章后,就能够看到一个类似于这样的图,

(作者三国杀的游戏人物的技术评价图)

那么这就有助于我们选择该怎样去处理这则信息,我们还可以根据之前设定的过滤规则,要求朋友圈只给我显示满足条件的链接。如此,我们便能够在信息的海洋中找到方向。事实上,许多微信朋友圈的文章标题中许多的“深度”,“原创”等标签就是想达到吸引读者兴趣的功能,但由于这不是第三方的评价,而会有失公允。

这本书的另一个要点是,我们需要在多种心智模式下灵活切换,这样才能保证大脑的高效运转。这里与智慧城市(social physics)中关于城市的理想布局的观点有异曲同工之妙。理想的城市要既能将不同背景的人聚集到一起,也要能让一群志趣相投的人能很容易的专注于解决一个具体的问题,对应的,我们个人在处理信息时,也要能调整好探索与专注的时间比例。一个两耳不闻窗外事的人,多半会忽略自己所在领域的进展,而一个每天刷大佬们故事的朋友圈创业者,也不会做出什么成绩。我们需要的是一段无打扰的时光(这段时间你最好把email和EMS都调成免打扰模式),需要的是每天能接触到最新最独特的信息,当前的时代是最好的时代,因为这些信息都在,当前的时代也是最坏的时代,这些信息都被错综复杂的网络连接起来,以至于我们仅仅看标题,看内容,都找不到我们所需要的信息。如论是social physics 还是the organized mind,这两本书教会我们的都是要去查看信息自己的连接,通过信息的连接方式对信息进行分类的规整,对meta date(即关于数据的数据,如数据质量,数据的可靠程度)的关注,也是如同自我指称一样,是科学进步的秘诀,也是聪明人才有的品质。

The organized mind 书摘

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<pre class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; font-stretch: normal; font-size:12px;line-height:32px;; line-height: 19.44px; font family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size:20px;line-height:40px;; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">The formation of categories in humans is guided by a cognitive principle of wanting to encode as much information as possible with the least possible effort. Categorization systems optimize the ease of conception and the importance of being able to communicate about those systems.</span>
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<pre class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; font-stretch: normal; font-size:12px;line-height:32px;; line-height: 19.44px; font family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size:20px;line-height:40px;; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">The two most important rules are that the best-remembered experiences are distinctive/unique or have a strong emotional component. </span>
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<pre class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; font-stretch: normal; font-size:12px;line-height:32px;; line-height: 19.44px; font family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size:20px;line-height:40px;; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">It's due to the associational networks described in the Introduction- the idea that if you think of red, it migh activate other memories through a process called spreading activation. ... by presenting a number of words that are related to the idea of sleep, the word sleep became activated in your brain. ... Skillful attorneys can use this, and principles liek it, to their clients' advangage by implanting ideas and memories in the minds of witnesses, juries, and even judges.</span>
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<pre class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; font-stretch: normal; font-size:12px;line-height:32px;; line-height: 19.44px; font family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size:20px;line-height:40px;; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Cognitive economy dictates that we categorize things in such a way as not to be overwhelmed by details that, for most purposes, don't matter. Obviously, there are certain things on which you want detailed information right now, but you never want all the details all the time.</span>
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<pre class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; font-stretch: normal; font-size:12px;line-height:32px;; line-height: 19.44px; font family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size:20px;line-height:40px;; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Reaching our goals efficiently requires the ability to selectively focus on those features of a task that are most relevant to its completion, while successfully ignoring other features or stimuli in the environment that are competing for attention. </span>
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<pre class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; font-stretch: normal; font-size:12px;line-height:32px;; line-height: 19.44px; font family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size:20px;line-height:40px;; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">In general, activities with a long time to commpletion- and hence a long time to reward- are the ones more likely to be started late, and those with an immediate reward are less likely to be procrastinated. </span>
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<pre class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; font-stretch: normal; font-size:12px;line-height:32px;; line-height: 19.44px; font family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size:20px;line-height:40px;; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Humans have a low tolerance for frustration. Moment by moment, when choosing what tasks to undertake or activities to pursue, we tend to choose not the most rewarding action but the easiest. This means that unpleasant or difficult things get put off. <br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></br></span>
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<pre class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; font-stretch: normal; font-size:12px;line-height:32px;; line-height: 19.44px; font family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size:20px;line-height:40px;; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Flow occurs when you are not explicitly thinking about what you're doing; rather, your brain isin a special mode of activity in which procedures and operations are performed automatically without your having to exert conscious control. This is why practice and expertise are prerequisite for flow. Musicians who have learned their scales can play them without explicitly conentrating on them, based on motor memory. Indeed, they report that it feels as if their fingers "just know where to go" without their having to think about it. Basketball players, airplane pilots, computer programmers, gymnasts, and others who are highly skilled and highly practiced report similar phenomena, that they have reached such a high level of ability that thinking seems not to be involved at all.<br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></br><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></br></span>
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<pre class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; font-stretch: normal; font-size:12px;line-height:32px;; line-height: 19.44px; font family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size:20px;line-height:40px;; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Items that are processed at a deeper level, with more active involvement by us, tend to become more strogly enecoded in memory. This is why passive learning through textbooks and lectures is not nearly as effective a way to learn new material as is figuring it out for yourself.</span>

我们希望有更多的同道中人可以成为加盟作者,或者贡献主题,亦或给我们推荐好的问题,问题有时比答案更重要。

你可以,

1)写写你熟悉领域的进展或对未来的展望,即使你的小文不够成熟,我们也会为你提出修改意见或帮你一起韵色。

2)写出你的跨界思考,你是否有从一个领域的知识联想到的别的概念,从而让你脑洞大开,只要你的想法新颖,都值得被倾听

3) 提出你感兴趣的话题,加入混沌大家庭和一起讨论。

或者如果你本身也有自己的公共号,但是秉承相似的想法,我们也希望你能加盟。 投稿邮箱 guoruidong517@126.com

欢迎加小编铁哥个人微信:

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王一书(Sciker)2015-12-20 10:19:25

信息的组织方式,大脑的思维方式,肢体的行为方式。一切全息又分形,一切混沌又平衡。